Non-cancerous tumor that most frequently occur in the esophagus are leiomyomas, a tumor of smooth muscle. Forecast the disease (prognosis) very well.

Esophageal cancer are most common are carcinomas, both squamous cell carcinoma (epidermoid carcinoma) and adenocarcinoma.
Other esophageal cancer is lymphoma (cancer of the lymphocytes), leiomiosarkoma (esophageal smooth muscle cancer) and cancers that come from other body parts.

Cancer can occur in any part of the esophagus.
Can appear as a narrowing of the esophagus, a lump or an abnormal flat area (plaque).

CAUSE

Esophageal cancer is more common in people who:
- His throat had narrowed because they’ve swallowed a strong alkaline solution, such as liquids for cleaning
- Suffering from achalasia (a condition where the lower esophageal valve fails to open)
- Have a blockage in the esophagus, such as lining the esophagus
- Head and neck cancer.

Smoking and alcohol use also increases the risk of esophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.
In some patients, changes in the esophagus lining is the first sign of cancer. These changes occur after chronic irritation of the esophagus by acid or bile.

SYMPTOMS

Because esophageal cancer tends to clog the way of food, the initial symptoms usually include difficulty swallowing solid foods.
After several weeks, the situation is evolving and the patient will have difficulty in swallowing soft foods and then the liquid. As a result, his weight decreased.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis based on results of X-ray called a barium meal. The patient swallows a barium solution radio opack that will appear on x-rays of the esophagus, which marks the area of ​​blockage.

Abnormal areas should also be examined with an endoscope.
During endoscopic esophageal tissue samples taken for microscopic examination (biopsy) for examination and cytology (brush cytology).

TREATMENT

Less than 5% of esophageal cancer patients survive more than 5 years. Many have died within 1 year after the first symptoms arise.

Chemotherapy does not cure cancer of the esophagus, but when used either alone or together with radiation therapy, can reduce symptoms and prolong life expectancy.

Chemotherapy drugs used include Cisplatin, Carboplatin Mechlorethamin, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, vincristine, Vinblastine, Vinorelbine, Vindesine, Etoposide, Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, Valrubicin, Bleomycin, Streptozocin, Fluorouracil

Surgery to remove the tumor, if still possible, can reduce symptoms temporarily, but rarely cure.

Other treatments that can alleviate the symptoms are:
- Widen the narrowed area
- Insert a tube to keep the esophagus open
- Bypass the tumor by using a piece of intestine – laser therapy to destroy cancerous tissue that blocks the esophagus.

PREVENTION

Proved to be no way to prevent the occurrence of esophageal cancer. However, to reduce the risk of esophageal cancer, you can:

1. Quit smoking or not start smoking. If you smoke, quit. If you do not smoke, do not start. Quitting smoking can be very difficult, so it needs to get some help. Your doctor can discuss the benefits and risks of many smoking cessation strategies, such as drugs, nicotine replacement products and counseling.
2. Drink alcohol only in moderation, or not at all. For women and older adults, this means one drink per day. For men, moderate drinking means no more than two drinks per day.
3. Choose a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables. Vitamins and antioxidants in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of esophageal cancer. Eat a variety of fruits and colorful vegetables.
4. Be careful around chemicals. When working with chemicals, either at work or around your home, carefully follow the instructions. Avoid breathing hazardous chemical vapors. Improve ventilation of the room where you work and use your nose and mouth masks.

STRUCTURE

The penis consists of:
- Root (attached to the abdominal wall)
- Body (middle part of the penis)
- The glans penis (tip of the penis is shaped like a cone).
Opening of the urethra (the tube where urine and semen out) contained in umung glans penis.

The basis of the glans penis is called the corona.
In men who are not circumcised (circumcision), foreskin (prepuce) extends from the corona to cover the glans penis.

Body of the penis consists of three cylindrical cavities (sinuses) of erectile tissue:
- 2 larger cavity called the corpus cavernosal, located adjacent
- The third cavity is called the corpus spongiosum, surrounds the urethra.
If the cavity is filled with blood, the penis becomes larger, stiff and erect (an erection).

The scrotum is a thin-skinned sac that surrounds and protects the testis.
The scrotum also acts as a climate-control system for the testis, because that is normally formed sperm, the testicles should have a slightly lower temperature than body temperature.
Kremaster muscle in the wall of the scrotum will relax or tighten further sehinnga testicles hang from the body (and the temperature is cooler) or closer to the body (and its temperature becomes warmer).

Testes oval-shaped with a size of olives and is located in the scrotum. Left testis usually somewhat lower than the right testis.
The testes have two functions: producing sperm and testosterone (the principal male sex hormone).
The epididymis is located in the testis and is a 6-meter line.
The epididymis collects sperm from the testis and provides the space and environment for sperm maturation process.

Vas deferens are the ducts that carry sperm from the epididymis.
This channel runs to the back of the prostate and into the urethra and ejaculatory ducts forming.
Other structures (such as blood vessels and nerves) run together to form the vas deferens and spermatic cord.

# The urethra serves two functions: Part of the urinary system that drains urine from the bladder
# Part of the reproductive system that drains the cement.

The prostate gland lies below the bladder in the pelvis and surrounds the central part of the urethra.
Usually the size of a walnut, and will grow with age.
Prostate and seminal vesicles produce a fluid that is a food source for sperm. This fluid is a major part of the cement. Other liquids that make up semen from the vas deferens and of the mucous glands in the head of the penis.

FUNCTION

During sexual intercourse, the penis becomes rigid and erect to allow the penetration (entry of the penis into the vagina)
Erection occurs due to the complicated interaction of Sitem nerves, blood vessels, hormonal and psychological.
Unpleasant stimuli cause a reaction in the brain, which then sends the signal through the spinal cord to the penis.
The arteries that carry blood to the corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosal response, which is dilated (widened). Dilated arteries that lead to increased blood flow to the glans, so that the erectile filled and dilated blood.
The muscles around the veins that normally drain blood from the penis, will slow the flow of blood.
Increased blood pressure in the penis causes the penis length and diameter increase.

Ejaculation happens when it reaches the climax, when the friction on the glans penis and other stimuli send signals to the brain and spinal cord.
Stimulate nerve muscle contractions along the line the epididymis and vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate. These contractions push semen into the urethra.
Further contraction of the muscles that will encourage urretra semen out of the penis.
Also constrict the bladder neck so that the cement does not flow back into the bladder.

After ejaculation (or after the stimulus stops), arteries and veins to tighten slack.
As a result the flow of blood into the arteries and reduced blood flow out of the veins increases, so the penis becomes soft.